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Women in the labor force as a percent of the total labor force both men and women age sixteen and over. For example, the chart in Figure 2, from the same textbook, includes elements of both bar and line graphs to depict two trends at once: the red line shows the percentage of women who were in the US labor force from to , and the blue bars show the percentage of US workers who were women during that same period.
Both trends are shown in two-year increments. To make sense of this chart, you need to read the title, the y-axis labels, and the labels and their definitions carefully. Research Research is formalized curiosity. It is poking and prying with a purpose. We search the web for information about a new computer, ask friends about the best place to get coffee, try on several pairs of jeans before deciding which ones to buy. Will you need to provide background information? What kinds of evidence will your audience find persuasive?
What attitudes do they hold, and how can you best appeal to them? If so, which media will best reach your audience, and how will they affect the kind of information you search for? Is there a due date? How much time will your project take, and how can you best schedule your time in order to complete it? If the assignment offers only broad guidelines, identify the requirements and range of possibilities, and define your topic within those constraints.
As you consider topics, look to narrow your focus to be specific enough to cover in a research paper. Reference librarians can direct you to the most appropriate reference works, and library catalogs and databases provide sources that have been selected by experts.
General encyclopedias and other reference works can provide an overview of your topic, while more specialized encyclopedias cover subjects in greater depth and provide other scholarly references for further research. Some databases include documentation entries in several styles that you can simply copy and paste. Generate a list of questions beginning with What? Who should determine when and where fracking can be done? Should fracking be expanded? Select one question, and use it to help guide your research.
Drafting a tentative thesis. Here are three tentative thesis statements, each one based on a previous research question about fracking: By injecting sand, water, and chemicals into rock, fracking may pollute drinking water and air.
The federal government should strictly regulate the production of natural gas by fracking. Fracking can greatly increase our supplies of natural gas, but other methods of producing energy should still be pursued. A tentative thesis will help guide your research, but you should be ready to revise it as you continue to learn about your subject and consider many points of view. Which sources you turn to will depend on your topic. For a report on career opportunities in psychology, you might interview someone working in the field.
Primary sources are original works, such as historical documents, literary works, eyewitness accounts, diaries, letters, and lab studies, as well as your own original field research.
Secondary sources include scholarly books and articles, reviews, biographies, and other works that interpret or discuss primary sources. Whether a source is considered primary or secondary sometimes depends on your topic and purpose. Scholarly and popular sources. Popular sources, on the other hand, are written for a general audience, and while they may discuss scholarly research, they are more likely to summarize that research than to report on it in detail.
Catchy, provocative titles usually signal that a source is popular, not scholarly. Scholarly sources are written by authors with academic credentials; popular sources are most often written by journalists or staff writers. Includes an abstract. Multiple authors who are academics. Author not an academic. Consider how much prior knowledge readers are assumed to have. Are specialized terms defined, and are the people cited identified in some way?
Look as well at the detail: scholarly sources describe methods and give more detail, often in the form of numerical data; popular sources give less detail, often in the form of anecdotes.
Scholarly sources are published by academic journals, university presses, and professional organizations such as the Modern Language Association; popular sources are published by general interest magazines such as Time or Fortune or trade publishers such as Norton or Penguin. Scholarly journal articles often begin with an abstract or summary of the article; popular magazine articles may include a tag line giving some sense of what the article covers, but less than a formal summary.
Scholarly sources have URLs that end in. Keep in mind that searching requires flexibility, both in the words you use and in the methods you try. For some topics, you might find specialized reference works such as the Film Encyclopedia or Dictionary of Philosophy, which provide in-depth information on a single field or topic and can often lead you to more specific sources. Many reference works are also online, but some may be available only in the library.
Wikipedia can often serve as a starting point for preliminary research and includes links to other sources, but since its information can be written and rewritten by anyone, make sure to consult other reference works as well. You can find bibliographies in many scholarly articles and books.
Check with a reference librarian for help finding bibliographies on your research topic. You can search the catalog by author, title, subject, or keyword. Many books in the catalog are also available online, and some may be downloaded to a computer or mobile device.
Indexes list articles by topics; databases usually provide full texts or abstracts. While some databases and indexes are freely available online, most must be accessed through a library. EBSCOhost provides databases of abstracts and complete articles from periodicals and government documents. InfoTrac offers full-text articles from scholarly and popular sources, including the New York Times.
JSTOR archives many scholarly journals but not current issues. Humanities International Index contains bibliographies for over 2, humanities journals. MLA International Bibliography indexes scholarly articles on modern languages, literature, folklore, and linguistics. PsycINFO indexes scholarly literature in psychology.
Because it is so vast and dynamic, however, finding information can be a challenge. Google, Bing, Yahoo! Yippy, Dogpile, and SurfWax let you use several search sites simultaneously. They are best for searching broadly; use a single site to obtain the most precise results. For peer-reviewed academic writing in many disciplines, try Google Scholar; or use Scirus for scientific, technical, and medical documents. Following are a few of the many resources available on the web.
You can find information put together by specialists at The Voice of the Shuttle a guide to online resources in the humanities ; the WWW Virtual Library a catalog of websites on numerous subjects, compiled by subject specialists ; or in subject directories such as those provided by Google and Yahoo! News sites. Many newspapers, magazines, and radio and TV stations have websites that provide both up-to-the-minute information and also archives of older news articles.
Through Google News and NewsLink, for example, you can access current news worldwide, and Google News Archive Search has files extending back to the s.
Government sites. Many government agencies and departments maintain websites where you can find government reports, statistics, legislative information, and other resources. Audio, video, and image collections. Your library likely subscribes to various databases where you can find and download audio, video, and image files.
AP Images provides access to photographs taken for the Associated Press; Artstor is a digital library of images; Naxos Music Library contains more than 60, recordings. Digital archives. You can find primary sources from the past, including drawings, maps, recordings, speeches, and historic documents at sites maintained by the National Archives, the Library of Congress, the New York Public Library, and others.
Three kinds of field research that you might consider are interviews, observations, and surveys. If you wish to record the interview, ask for permission. Some writing projects are based on information you get by observing something. How does this observation relate to your research goals, and what do you expect to find? Also note details about the setting.
Then analyze your notes, looking for patterns. What did you learn? Did anything surprise or puzzle you? One way of gathering information from a large number of people is to use a questionnaire.
Multiple-choice questions will be easier to tally than openended questions. Be sure to give a due date and to say thank you.
A Google search on the same topic produces over ten thousand hits. How do you decide which ones to read? This chapter presents advice on evaluating potential sources and reading those you choose critically. What kinds of sources will they find persuasive? How well does it relate to your purpose? What would it add to your work? To see what it covers, look at the title and at any introductory material such as a preface or an abstract. Has the author written other works on this subject? Is he or she known for a particular position on it?
If the credentials are not stated, you might do a search to see what else you can learn about him or her. Does the source cover various points of view or advocate only one perspective?
Does its title suggest a certain slant? If the source is a book, what kind of company published it; if an article, what kind of periodical did it appear in? Books published by university presses and articles in scholarly journals are reviewed by experts before they are published. But books and articles written for the general public do not undergo rigorous review or fact-checking.
Is the site maintained by an organization, an interest group, a government agency, or an individual? Look for clues in the URL:. Can you understand it? Texts written for a general audience might be easier to understand but not authoritative enough for academic work. Scholarly texts will be more authoritative but may be hard to comprehend.
Check to see when books and articles were published and when websites were last updated. If a site lists no date, see if links to other sites still work; if not, the site is probably too dated to use. If so, you can probably assume that some other writers regard it as trustworthy. Is there a bibliography that might lead you to other sources? How current or authoritative are the sources it cites?
Pay attention to what they say, to the reasons and evidence they offer to support what they say, and to whether they address viewpoints other than their own. Assume that each author is responding to some other argument. Does he or she present several different positions or argue for a particular position? What arguments is he or she responding to? How thoroughly does he or she consider alternative arguments? Does it seem objective, or does the content or language reveal a particular bias?
Are opposing views considered and treated fairly? Does it support a different argument altogether? Does it represent a position you need to address? Is the main purpose to inform readers about a topic or to argue a certain point? This chapter focuses on going beyond what your sources say to inspire and support what you want to say. What makes them so strong? Are there any that you need to address in what you write? Have you discovered new questions you need to investigate? Entering the conversation.
This is the exciting part of a research project, for when you write out your own ideas on the topic, you will find yourself entering that conversation. This chapter will help you with the specifics of integrating source materials into your writing and acknowledging your sources appropriately.
The following examples are shown in MLA style. To quote three lines or less of poetry in MLA style, run them in with your text, enclosed in quotation marks. Separate lines with slashes, leaving one space on each side of the slash. Include the line numbers in parentheses at the end of the quotation. Set off long quotations block style. Longer quotations should not be run in with quotation marks but instead are set off from your text and indented from the left margin. What better way to get our attention?
The solution for most nonprofits has been to show the despair. Indicate any additions or changes with brackets. Paraphrase when the source material is important but the original wording is not. Because it includes all the main points and details of the source material, a paraphrase is usually about the same length as the original.
These results helped explain why bladder cancers had become so prevalent among dyestuffs workers. With the invention of mauve in , synthetic dyes began replacing natural plant-based dyes in the coloring of cloth and leather. After mauve, the first synthetic dye, was invented in , leather and cloth manufacturers replaced most natural dyes made from plants with synthetic dyes, and by the early s textile workers had very high rates of bladder cancer.
The experiments with dogs revealed the connection Now see two examples that demonstrate some of the challenges of paraphrasing. The paraphrase below borrows too much of the original language or changes it only slightly, as the words and phrases highlighted in yellow show.
Now-classic experiments in showed that when dogs were exposed to aromatic amines, chemicals used in synthetic dyes derived from coal, they developed bladder cancer.
Similar cancers were prevalent among dyestuffs workers, and these experiments helped to explain why. Mauve, a synthetic dye, was invented in , after which cloth and leather manufacturers replaced most of the natural plant-based dyes with synthetic dyes. These results helped researchers identify why cancers of the bladder had become so common among textile workers who worked with dyes.
With the development of mauve in , synthetic dyes began to be used instead of dyes based on plants in the dyeing of leather and cloth.
By the end of the nineteenth century, rates of bladder cancer among these workers had increased dramatically, and the experiments using dogs helped clear up this oddity Steingraber One common mistake many writers make is to start by copying a passage directly from a source and then changing it: adding some words or deleting some words, replacing others with synonyms, altering sentence structures.
Use your own words and sentence structure. If you use any words from the original, put them in quotation marks. Unlike a paraphrase, a summary does not present the details, and it is generally as brief as possible.
Summaries may boil down an entire book or essay into a single sentence, or they may take a paragraph or more to present the main ideas.
Here, for example, is a summary of the original excerpt from Steingraber see p. Signal verbs. The language you use in a signal phrase can be neutral, like X says or according to Y. The example above referring to the textbook author uses the verb argues, suggesting that what she says is disputable or that the writer believes it is.
Science writer Isaac McDougal questions whether. For example: In other words, the data suggest that. Our theory challenges common assumptions about. Their hypothesis supposes. Verb tenses. Each documentation style has its own conventions regarding the verbs that are used in signal phrases.
If, however, you mention the date when the source was written, the verb should be in the past tense. Dowdall, Crawford, and Wechsler have observed that. But to discuss the implications of an experiment or conclusions that are generally agreed on, APA requires the use of the present tense: the findings of the study suggest, most researchers concur.
Use the past tense, however, when you are focusing on the fact that the action took place in the past: Just before signing the Declaration of Independence, John Adams wrote to his wife.
Use the present tense, however, when citing research reports: Gillen provides the most detailed evidence. Statistics and facts. Most of the time, it will be clear that you are documenting only the statistic or fact. When in doubt, provide documentation or ask your instructor for advice.
The following practices will help you avoid plagiarizing. Like other sources, information from the web must be acknowledged. Students who plagiarize fail courses or might even be expelled from school. Documenting our sources not only helps establish our credibility as researchers and writers, but it also enables our readers to find our sources themselves if they wish to.
The Little Seagull Handbook provides guidelines on four documentation styles, each of which is commonly used in specific disciplines. Although the specific guidelines for the styles differ, they all require that you provide basic information about the authors, titles, and publication of your sources.
MLA Style MLA style calls for 1 brief in-text documentation and 2 complete bibliographic information in a list of works cited at the end of your text. The models and examples in this chapter draw on the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook, published by the Modern Language Association in For additional information, visit style. You have three options for citing a source in your text: quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing.
Variations on those examples follow. The examples illustrate the MLA style of using quotation marks around titles of short works and italicizing titles of long works. Do not write page or p. Do not use punctuation between the name and the page number s. Notice that in the example above, the parenthetical reference comes after the closing quotation marks but before the period at the end of the sentence. For a work by three or more authors, name the first author followed by et al.
The US government can be direct when it wants to be. LITERARY WORKS When referring to literary works that are available in many different editions, give the page numbers from the edition you are using, followed by information that will let readers of any edition locate the text you are citing. Give the page and chapter number, separated by a semicolon.
Give the part and the line numbers separated by periods. If a poem has only line numbers, use the word line s only in the first reference. If entries are arranged alphabetically, no page number is needed. Italicize the name of a legal case. Share this book Facebook. Last edited by ImportBot. August 4, History. An edition of SM Subjects Sadomasochism , Sex customs , Sex instruction.
Paperback in English - Illustrate edition. Not in Library. There are about as many definitions of entrepreneurship. Everyone seems to have his or her own views about what it is and in the same way they have defined it.
In substance, it is the risk-taking ability of the individual, broadly coupled with correct decision-making. It is a creative and innovative process and adapting response to environment. This concept can be seen in Figure 1. Many authors have said that identifying and pursuing opportunities are an important part of entrepreneurship. According to H. This definition states that entrepreneurship is goal-oriented process involving production or distribution of products and goods.
It may be undertaken by person or by group of persons. According to V. It involves risk-bearing and relatively dynamic leadership. It is a leadership rather than an ownership. According to Howard W. In the words of W. John J. Kao has developed a conceptual model of entrepreneurship.
This model is presented in Figure 1. Kao contributes a great deal to the emergence as well as sustenance of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial talent in the prevailing business environment. It is a practice. It has a knowledge base. Knowledge in entrepreneurship is a means to an end. Indeed what constitutes knowledge in practice is largely defined by the ends; that is, by the practice.
Entrepreneurial secret for creating value is creativity and innovation. Entrepreneurship is the result of a disciplined, systematic process of applying creativity and innovation to needs and opportunities in the marketplace. The terms creativity and innovation are often used to mean the same thing, but each has a unique connotation.
A person may therefore conceive of something new and envision how it will be useful, but not necessarily take the necessary action to make it a reality. Innovation is the process of doing new things. This distinction is important. Simply having a great new idea is not enough; transforming the idea into a tangible product, service or business venture is the essential next step. Innovation, therefore, is the transformation of creative ideas into useful applications, but creativity is a prerequisite to innovation.
Entrepreneurship requires business owners to be bold enough to try their new ideas, flexible enough to throw aside those that do not work, and wise enough to learn about what will work based on their observations of what did not. Entrepreneurs develop new ideas and, from their ideas, establish new enterprises that add value to society. Creative thinking has become a core business skill, and entrepreneurs lead the way in developing and applying that skill. But to entrepreneurial, an enterprise has to have special characteristics over and above being new and small.
Indeed, entrepreneurs are a minority among new businesses. They create something new, something different; they change on transmute values. A recent study by the Small Business Administration found that small firms produce more economically and technically important innovations than larger firms.
Millions of people come up with creative ideas for new or different products and services; most of them, however, never do anything with them. Entrepreneurs are people who connect their creative ideas with the purposeful action and structure of a business. Thus, successful entrepreneurship is a constant process that relies on creativity, innovation, and application in the marketplace.
Creativity — A necessity for Survival: In this fiercely competitive, global world, creativity is not only an important source for building a competitive advantage, but it is also a necessity for survival. When developing creative solutions to modern problems, entrepreneurs must go beyond merely relying on what has worked in the past. Ideas usually evolve through a creative process whereby imaginative people germinate ideas, nurture them, and develop them successfully.
Various labels have been applied to stages in the creative process, but most social scientists agree on five stages. Bolton and Thompson associate invention closely with creativity but link it with entrepreneurship if the invention is to become a commercial opportunity to be exploited. This creativity is turned to practical reality a product, for example through innovation. Entrepreneurship then sets that innovation in the context of an enterprise the actual business , which is something of recognized value.
High Creativity Low Entrepreneurship Figure 1. Only in quadrant A is there a, winning combination, of creativity and entrepreneurship. In quadrant B there is a firm struggling with too many wasted ideas.
It lacks an entrepreneur with the ability both to see the commercial application of the idea and to exploit it. In quadrant C there is a firm that lacks creativity but can at least copy and perhaps improve on creativity coming from other firms if they have a commercial application.
Firms in quadrant D lack creativity and entrepreneurship are certain never to grow and indeed their survival may be questioned. Innovation and Entrepreneurship If creativity is the seed that inspires entrepreneurship, innovation is the process of entrepreneurship. According to him innovation does not happen as a random event. Central to the process is the entrepreneur. It is they who introduce and then exploit the new innovations. Sometimes innovation involves generating something from nothing.
However, innovation is more likely to result from elaborating on the present, from putting old things together in new ways, or from taking something away to create something simpler or better.
Peter Drucker believes that innovation is the specific tool of entrepreneurs, the means by which they exploit change as an opportunity for a different business or a different service. Entrepreneurs need to search purposefully for the sources of innovation, the changes and their symptoms that indicate opportunities for successful innovation. And they need to know and to apply the principles of successful innovation.
Change provides the opportunity for innovation to make an economic return. Innovations have to break the mould of how things are done. The innovation can, of course, be of varying degrees of uniqueness.
Most innovations introduced to the market are ordinary innovations, that is, with little uniqueness or technology. As expected, there are fewer technological innovations and breakthrough innovations with the number of actual innovations decreasing as the technology involved increases.
Earlier, we defined innovation as the process of doing new things. It is important to recognize the innovation more focus on action not conceiving new ideas only. When people have passed through the Realization and Validation stages of creativity process, they may have become inventors, but they are not yet innovators.
The difference between creativity and innovation is shown in Figure 1. It is also helped by good luck. To exploit an innovation successfully requires strength of personal character, managerial ability and often money, which bring us back to the central role of the entrepreneur. Economic Activity: Entrepreneurship is primarily an economic activity because it involves the creation and operation of an enterprise.
It is basically concerned with the production and distribution of goods and services and optimally utilizes the resource towards productive use. Entrepreneurship Involves Innovation: Entrepreneurship involves changing, revolutionizing, transforming, and introducing new approaches. Entrepreneurship is an innovative function as it involves doing things in a new and better way. Innovation may take several forms, such as a new product, a new source of raw material a new market, a new method of -production, not yet applied in a particular branch or, manufacturing etc.
Entrepreneur is a change agent. Goal-oriented Activity: The entrepreneur who creates and operates enterprises seeks to earn profits through satisfaction of needs of consumers; hence, entrepreneurship is a goal-oriented activity.
Entrepreneurship emphasizes results, achievements and targets achieved. It is work done not imaginary plans or paper decisions. Hence entrepreneurship is a goal oriented activity. Value Creation: Next, we find that the process of creating value is a characteristic in describing entrepreneurship. Through entrepreneurship, new products, services, transactions, approaches, resources, technologies, and markets are created that contribute some value to a community or marketplace.
We can also see value created when, through entrepreneurship, resources are transformed into outputs such as products or services. During this transformation process, value is created because the entrepreneur is fashioning something worthwhile and useful.
Enterprise Creation: The next characteristic of entrepreneurship is enterprise creation. In order to pursue the perceived opportunities for innovation and to create value, there must be organized efforts and actions. Someone must take the initiative to do something — take action to get the entrepreneurial venture up and running. Entrepreneurship is a creative response to changes in the environment.
It involves innovation or introduction of something new or improved. An entrepreneur is an agent to effect change. A Function of Risk Bearing: Risk is an inherent and inseparable element of entrepreneurship. An entrepreneur works under uncertainties and he assumes the uncertainty of future. In the pursuit of profit, there is possibility of loss also.
Entrepreneurship Implies Growth: The next characteristic in entrepreneurship is growth. One major difference between entrepreneurial ventures and other small businesses is the emphasis on growth. Managerial Skill and Leadership Function: Managerial skill and leadership are the most important facets of entrepreneurship. An entrepreneur must have the ability to lead and manage. He provides direction, create work culture, and build teamwork and cohesiveness among employees.
Recognition that it is a process: The characteristics commonly found in entrepreneurship is the recognition that it is a process, very simply, is a set of ongoing decisions and actions. Entrepreneurship is not a one-time phenomenon; it occurs over time. It involves a series of decisions and actions from initial start-up to managing the entrepreneurial venture. Gap Filling Function: The gap between human needs and the available products and services filled by entrepreneurship.
An entrepreneur determines the needs of people and combines resources to produce goods and services of requirements. Dynamic Process: Entrepreneurship is a dynamic function. Entrepreneur thrives on changes in the environment, which bring useful opportunities for business. He looks at the changes as the source of market advantages, not as a problem. Uncertainties are market opportunities for him. Uniqueness: Other characteristic found in entrepreneurship is that of uniqueness.
Entrepreneurship involves new combinations and new approaches with which entrepreneurs are willing to experiment. Through Entrepreneurship unique products are created and unique approaches are tried. Organizing Function: It is the ability to bring together productive resources of society.
Entrepreneur coordinates and control the efforts of all the persons engaged in his enterprises. He harnesses land, labour, capital and other resources of for the benefits of mankind.
Therefore, an entrepreneur is called as an organization builder. Essential in Every Activity: Entrepreneurship is required in all types of businesses — small or big, trading or manufacturing or service industry. It is essential for every business to exist and grow. He uses his experiences for high achievements. The enterprising quality is generated after a long practice of risk-bearing behaviour. Another Characteristics of entrepreneurship is a recognition that entrepreneurship can take place in both profit and not-for-profit environments.
Although we tend to assume that entrepreneurial activity is geared at making a profit and we agree that much of it is , entrepreneurship also occurs in social service agencies, in community arts organizations, or in other types of not-for- profit settings. Entrepreneurship and Management: Management is the agent through which all entrepreneurial decisions and plans are implemented.
The entrepreneur brings new changes and improvements through management. To survive and win, the managers must become entrepreneurial in their approach and tasks. Other Characteristics : 1 It relates to updating of knowledge relating to entrepreneurship promotion on a regular basis. In the light of this, large numbers of Entrepreneurship Development Programmes are conducted to promote entrepreneurship in the country.
It is both the science as well as art. But is more an art than science as there are very few ground rules or principles that can be used to create and run business enterprises in a fat changing and heterogeneous environment. Entrepreneurship is, and continues to be, important to every sector in India and in other global economies. Entrepreneurship contributes to economic and social development of a country. Operating an enterprise, wealth creation, making innovative decisions or managing an organization, all have the thrill of risk, challenges and profitable opportunities.
Entrepreneurial firms are not just money-making ventures for their promot-ers. The positive impact of entrepreneurial firms is seen throughout the economy and society. A vast majority of this high-impact. David Birch has differentiated these firms by calling them gazelles. He defines a gazelle as a business establishment with at least 20 per cent growth every year.
Entrepreneurship has many functions to perform and roles to play in every type of economy. Entrepreneurship is the life blood of any economy and it applies more to a developing economy like India. It influences a number of areas such as innovation, job creation, career alternatives etc.
The contribution of entrepreneurship lies in the following areas: 1. Innovation: Innovating is a process of creating, changing, experimenting, transforming and revolutionizing. Innovation is one of the key distinguishing characteristics of entrepreneurial activity. Without these new ideas, economic, technological, and social progress would be slow indeed. Job Creation: We know that job creation is vital to the overall long-term economic health of communities, regions, ad nations.
Entrepreneurial ventures play very important role in it. Small business create more jobs than large business do. During economic recession, when large companies are on their way to retrenchment of their work force, individuals whose jobs are eliminated find employment with small business. The creation of jobs by small businesses is expected to continue into the future as new firms start small and grow.
Number of New Start-ups: All businesses whether they fit the definition of entrepreneurial or not — at one point in time were start-ups, the most convenient measure we have of the role that entrepreneurship plays in this economic statistic is to look at the number of new firms over a period of time. The next important function of entrepreneurship is starting the venture.
In fact, entrepreneurs identify opportunities and possible competitive advantages. They set goals and strategies. Pursuit of entrepreneurship contributed to the overall creation of new firms.
Why is the creation of new firms so important? Opportunity to Contribute to Society and Be Recognized for Your Efforts: Often, small business owners are among the most respected and most trusted members of their communities. Business deals based on trust and mutual respect are the hallmark of many established small companies. These owners enjoy the trust and recognition they receive from the customers they have served faithfully over the years. Entrepreneurship often deals with the difficult issues of social responsibility and ethical problems.
Entrepreneurship produces such goods and services that protect consumer health and global environment and helps in creating better living conditions in society. It generates employment and conserves natural resources, balances growth in the country and provides more amenities to people. Ethical considerations also play a role in decisions and actions of entrepreneurs.
He has to create tomorrow. Making the business of tomorrow cannot be a flash of genius. Entrepreneurship Provides an Opportunity to Make a Difference and Create Your Own Destiny: Increasingly, entrepreneurs are starting businesses because they see an opportunity to make a difference in a cause that is important to them.
Entrepreneurs are finding ways to combine their concerns for social issues ad their desire to earn a good living. Owning a business provides entrepreneurs the independence and the opportunity to achieve what is important to them. Entrepreneurship Serve Small Markets With New Technology: Large firms, with their crippling overheads, do not find it profitable to serve small populations.
This is where small entrepreneurial firms serve an invaluable role by providing specialized products to niche customers. Entrepreneurial firms are usually faster to come to the market with radical new technologies.
Ultimately, this willlead to a better standard of living for the whole society. To them, there is little difference between work and play; the two are synonymous.
They know that the only boundaries on their success are those imposed by their own creativity, enthusiasm, and vision. Although money is not the primary force driving most entrepreneurs, the profits their businesses can earn are an important motivating factor in their decisions to launch companies.
Most entrepreneurs never become super-rich: but many of them do become quite wealthy. They, thus, support the large business houses. Women and minorities are allowed the benefit of financial independence and a chance to exhibit the ability to manage business enterprises.
These factors may have been both positive and negative effluences on the emergence of entrepreneurship.
Positive influences constitute facilitative and conductive conclusive for the emergence of entrepreneurship whereas negative influences create inhibiting milieu to the emergence of entrepreneurship. Following factors contribute to the success of entrepreneurship: 1. Economic Factor: Factors such as availability of finance, labour, land, accessibility of customers, suppliers are the factors that stimulate entrepreneurship. Capital is one of the most important prerequisites to establish an enterprise.
Availability of sufficient capital affects the introduction, survival and growth of a business enterprise. Capital is regarded as lubricant to the process of production. If we increase in capital investment, capital output ratio also tends to increases.
This results in increase in profit, which ultimately goes to capital formation. Due to this capital supply increase, entrepreneurship also increases. For these circumstances, 7. To find the NO source strength, rearrange 7. In a house with 0. In a room with 2.
Using d and S for Earth from Table 8. The effective temperature 8. Using the 2. Using LHV values from Table 8. All the N. Gas: All the Oil: All the Coal: From 8. Growth from 6. From Example 8. Savings versus The increase in CO2 concentration with A. CF3Br is a Halon, H 8. First simplify GWP to Pg. From Problem 8. With 1. Same thing, There is even a slight advantage with an old, inefficient coal plant. Carbon savings is MTCE b. Annual energy savings is: 21, million Btu b.
The carbon savings from cardboard recycling is equivalent to carbon emissions from how many SUVs? From Table 9. And from Table 9. Need to adjust Table 9. Each can now has 0. New aluminum per can was 0. The total primary energy used to make the aluminum for those cans. Using Table 9.
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